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Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. The word is also used as a count noun: a taxonomy, or taxonomic scheme, is a particular classification. The word finds its roots in the Greek , ''taxis'' (meaning 'order', 'arrangement') and , ''nomos'' ('law' or 'science'). Originally ''taxonomy'' referred only to the classifying of organisms or a particular classification of organisms.〔"Taxonony" https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taxonomy〕 In a wider, more general sense, it may refer to a classification of things or concepts, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification. Taxonomy is different from meronomy which is dealing with the classification of parts of a whole. Many taxonomies have a hierarchical structure, but this is not a requirement. Taxonomy uses taxonomic units, known as taxa (singular taxon). ==Applications== Wikipedia categories illustrate a taxonomy〔Zirn, Cäcilia, Vivi Nastase and Michael Strube. 2008. ( "Distinguishing Between Instances and Classes in the Wikipedia Taxonomy" ) ((video lecture). ) 5th Annual European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2008).〕 and a full taxonomy of Wikipedia categories can be extracted by automatic means.〔S. Ponzetto and M. Strube. 2007. ("Deriving a large scale taxonomy from Wikipedia" ). Proc. of the 22nd Conference on the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, pp. 1440-1445.〕 Recently, it has been shown that a manually-constructed taxonomy, such as that of computational lexicons like WordNet, can be used to improve and restructure the Wikipedia category taxonomy.〔S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli. 2009. ("Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Wikipedia" ). Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009), Pasadena, California, pp. 2083-2088.〕 In a broader sense, taxonomy also applies to relationship schemes other than parent-child hierarchies, such as network structures. Taxonomies may then include single children with multi-parents, for example, "Car" might appear with both parents "Vehicle" and "Steel Mechanisms"; to some however, this merely means that 'car' is a part of several different taxonomies.〔Jackson, Joab. ( "Taxonomy’s not just design, it’s an art," ) ''Government Computer News'' (Washington, D.C.). September 2, 2004.〕 A taxonomy might also simply be organization of kinds of things into groups, or an alphabetical list; here, however, the term vocabulary is more appropriate. In current usage within Knowledge Management, taxonomies are considered narrower than ontologies since ontologies apply a larger variety of relation types.〔Suryanto, Hendra and Paul Compton. ( "Learning classification taxonomies from a classification knowledge based system." ) University of Karlsruhe; ("Defining 'Taxonomy'," ) Straights Knowledge website.〕 Mathematically, a hierarchical taxonomy is a tree structure of classifications for a given set of objects. It is also named Containment hierarchy. At the top of this structure is a single classification, the root node, that applies to all objects. Nodes below this root are more specific classifications that apply to subsets of the total set of classified objects. The progress of reasoning proceeds from the general to the more specific. By contrast, in the context of legal terminology, an open-ended contextual taxonomy is employed—a taxonomy holding only with respect to a specific context. In scenarios taken from the legal domain, a formal account of the open-texture of legal terms is modeled, which suggests varying notions of the "core" and "penumbra" of the meanings of a concept. The progress of reasoning proceeds from the specific to the more general.〔Grossi, Davide, Frank Dignum and John-Jules Charles Meyer. (2005). ( "Contextual Taxonomies" in ''Computational Logic in Multi-Agent Systems,'' pp. 33-51 ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Taxonomy (general)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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